기말고사 미리보기

시험(또는 시험 대체 과제)이 있는 과목만 모았어. 확정된 건 그대로, 모르는 건 빨간색. 정보 들어오는 대로 계속 갱신함.

AI Debate & Public Speaking — 확정

강의계획서 기준: 14주차 Final Persuasive Speech + Live Q&A (30%). 중간은 팀 토론이었지만 기말은 혼자 설득 스피치 + 질문 받기.

중간 이후 진도 (= 기말 채점 포인트)

미리 만들어 둘 스피치 뼈대

1. Hook (질문·숫자·짧은 장면 하나) — KAWA 발표의 "시계 보세요"처럼
2. Problem: 왜 지금 중요한지 + 근거 1개 (According to ___ ,)
3. Solution / Position: 내 주장 한 문장
4. Reasons 2~3개: Signpost → 이유 → 근거 (중간 1AC 틀 그대로 재활용)
5. Call to action: 청중이 오늘 할 수 있는 한 가지
6. Closing: hook으로 돌아가며 끝

Live Q&A 받는 공식

• 질문 되짚기: That's a great question. You're asking whether ___.
• 바로 답: My answer is ___ , because ___.
• 모르면 솔직하게: I don't have that exact figure, but the main point still stands because ___.
• 다시 주장으로: So that's why I still believe ___.

알아야 할 것: 스피치 길이 · 주제 자유인지 · 원고/메모 허용 · Q&A 몇 분 · 채점표

KAWA 발표 재활용 가능? 주제 자유면 그대로 확장해서 쓰면 준비 시간 절반. 교수님한테 같은 주제 써도 되는지만 물어보기.

글로벌영작문 — 추정

중간이 6영역(단어·연어/접두사·문법·리딩·비판적 사고·서론) 100점 75분이었으니, 기말도 다음 Unit으로 같은 틀일 가능성이 큼. 중간 족보 구조를 그대로 쓰면 됨.

• 지금 할 것: 중간 시험지 돌려받으면 틀린 영역 체크 → 기말 때 그 영역부터
• 서론 쓰기 틀(Hook → Background → Although 두 절 thesis)은 기말에도 그대로 나올 확률 높음

알아야 할 것: 기말 범위(Unit 몇) · 날짜 · 리뷰 PPT

미국소수민족문학과문화 — 추정

중간이 Flight 1~21장 서술형. 기말은 중간 이후 읽는 작품이 범위일 가능성이 큼.

• 서술형 답안 공식(주장 → 작품 근거 → 역사 근거 → 그래서)은 그대로 씀
• 연도·법 표(Dawes Act, ICWA, Relocation Act 등)는 다른 작품에도 계속 나옴 → 버리지 말 것

알아야 할 것: 기말 범위(다음 작품 제목) · 날짜 · 형식

Listening & Speaking

중간은 KAWA 발표 녹화 제출(10/9). 기말 형식은 아직 모름.

알아야 할 것: 기말이 발표인지 시험인지 · 날짜

포스트모더니즘과디지털인문학

중간은 에세이(보드리야르와 거스키). 기말도 에세이일지 시험일지 모름.

알아야 할 것: 기말 형식 · 마감

졸업논문캡스톤프로젝트2

P/F 과목. 점수 경쟁 없음, 패스 조건만 채우면 끝.

알아야 할 것: 패스하려면 뭘 언제까지 내야 하는지

글로벌영작문 시험 개요

시험은 6개 영역 100점, 75분입니다. 서론 쓰기는 그중 20점이고, 나머지 80점은 단어·연어·접두사·문법·리딩·비판적 사고에서 나옵니다. 교수 PPT 마지막 장에 "덱에 있는 문제 유형이 전부"라고 되어 있어서, 각 탭의 연습문제 정답을 외우는 것이 곧 시험 대비입니다.

영역별 배점

서론 프롬프트 확정

교수 PPT에 시험 프롬프트 두 개가 이미 공개돼 있습니다. 둘 중 하나를 골라 씁니다.

1. Is the patent system as it currently works a net benefit to innovation, or a net obstacle to it?
2. Should self-driving vehicles be allowed on public roads before they can be proven safer than human drivers in every condition?

시험장 공통 규칙

• 축약형 금지: don't, it's, can't 전부 풀어 쓰기
• 모호한 명사 금지: things, stuff, a lot of 대신 구체적인 단어
• 1인칭 금지: 문제가 묻지 않으면 I think, I will 쓰지 않기

75분 시간 배분 (권장)

시험 전까지 할 일 (교수 권장)

1. 16단어 뜻을 소리 내서 말하기. 앞에서 뒤로, 뒤에서 앞으로 한 번씩.
2. 두 절 문장 하루 4개 쓰기. 두 번째 절의 새 단어 수를 매번 세기.
3. 발명품 하나를 연어 6개로 이야기하기. 매일 다른 발명품으로.
4. 문법 구조 8개로 실제 기술 관련 문장 하나씩 쓰기.
5. 두 서론을 19분 재고 90~130단어로 전부 써 보기.

1. Vocabulary (20점)

16단어 중 8개는 매칭 문제로, 4개는 두 절 문장 쓰기로 나옵니다. 뜻은 영영 정의를 그대로 외우는 게 매칭에서 가장 빠릅니다.

16단어

"Which word am I describing?" 정답

"Say the definition" 꼬리 질문 답

• obsolete 예시: fax machines, floppy disks
• feasible vs possible: possible은 이론상 가능, feasible은 지금 가진 돈·재료·기술로 실제로 할 수 있음
• breakthrough: 모든 개선이 아님. 작은 개선은 refinement, breakthrough는 갑작스럽고 중요한 진전
• versatile 예시: a smartphone (카메라, 지도, 지갑, 전화)
• replicate vs copy: replicate는 정확히 똑같이 재현해서 같은 결과를 내는 것
• plan vs implement: plan은 무엇을 할지 정하는 것, implement는 실제로 실행하는 것
• never commercial 예시: the World Wide Web (특허 없이 무료 공개)
• mimicry의 넓은 분야: biomimicry

두 절 문장 규칙 4개 (채점 기준)

1. 두 부분 다 완전한 절. 각각 주어와 동사.
2. 그 단어를 어떤 형태로도 반복 금지. efficient를 쓰면 efficiency, efficiently도 금지.
3. 두 번째 절의 절반 이상이 새 단어. 직접 세기.
4. 연결어로 잇기: and · so · because · which means that · in other words · that is to say

판정: 두 번째 절이 그 단어 뜻을 진짜로 설명하면 통과.

"Spot the error" 정답

16단어 두 절 모범 문장 (외우기용)

1. innovation: The touchscreen was a major innovation, which means that people stopped pressing physical buttons to control their phones.
2. prototype: The engineers built a prototype of the drone, so they could check whether an early version would fly before mass production.
3. mimicry: The swimsuit relied on mimicry of shark skin, which means that its surface copied the texture of the animal.
4. adapt: Engineers adapted military radar for home kitchens, which means that they changed a weapon technology so it could heat food.
5. replicate: Other laboratories could not replicate the result, so nobody produced the same outcome again under identical conditions.
6. efficient: The new engine is highly efficient because it turns almost all of its fuel into motion and wastes very little energy.
7. durable: The phone case is durable, so it survives years of drops without cracking.
8. versatile: A smartphone is versatile because one device works as a camera, a map, a wallet and a telephone.
9. breakthrough: The vaccine was a breakthrough, which means that scientists suddenly solved a problem that had blocked progress for decades.
10. obsolete: Fax machines are now obsolete, so most offices have replaced them with email and no longer buy them.
11. feasible: Solar roads are not yet feasible because nobody can build them at a reasonable cost with current materials.
12. sustainable: Wind power is sustainable, which means that it can keep running for centuries without using up the resource it depends on.
13. patent: De Mestral received a patent in 1955, so no other company could legally produce his fastener without permission.
14. commercial: The first laser was not a commercial product because nobody built it to earn money.
15. refine: De Mestral refined his fastener for fourteen years, which means that he improved it through many small and careful adjustments.
16. implement: The city implemented the recycling plan in March, so residents actually began sorting their waste that month.

2. Collocations and Prefixes (16점)

점수를 가르는 건 분리 규칙입니다. 대명사(it, them)가 들어갈 때 어디에 놓는지만 정확하면 연어 문제는 거의 다 맞습니다.

발명 연어 6개 (발명 순서대로)

분리 규칙 (점수 결정)

외우는 법: iron, scale만 대명사를 가운데에. 나머지 셋은 붙여 쓴다.

Fill the gap 정답

Correct or incorrect 정답

Wrong Partner (수업 PPT) 정답

연어 6개로 발명 이야기 (Velcro 모범 답)

In 1941, George de Mestral came up with the idea for Velcro after he examined burrs under a microscope. His design built on the hook shape that the burr had already developed in nature. He spent fourteen years ironing out problems with the nylon loops. Factories then struggled to scale up production while keeping the hooks strong. He brought the fastener to market after receiving his patent in 1955. It only took off in the 1960s, when NASA began using it in space.

접두사 10개

주의: 같은 어근에 접두사 둘이 붙으면 뜻이 반대가 되기도 함. overvalued(과대평가) ↔ undervalued(과소평가).

Add the prefix 정답

What does the word mean? 정답

• biodegradable: able to be broken down naturally by living things
• interface: the point where two systems meet and interact
• coauthor: to write something together with another person
• devalue: to reduce the value of something
• unproven: not yet shown to be true or to work

3. Grammar (24점)

배점이 가장 큰 영역입니다. 8개 구조마다 규칙 한 줄과 틀리기 쉬운 예를 외우고, 연습문제 모범 답을 그대로 써 보면 됩니다.

8개 구조 한눈에

구조 1·2 연습 모범 답

1. Most new cars sold in 2040 will be electric. (더 약하게) Most new cars sold in 2040 might be electric.
2. Machine translation will certainly change how English is taught.
3. Machine translation will possibly change how English is taught. (부사는 will 뒤)
4. Fix: Definitely AI will change teaching. → AI will definitely change teaching.
5. could가 더 정직하다. 증명할 수 없는 주장에 will을 쓰면 확신을 과장하게 되기 때문.

구조 3·4 연습 모범 답

1. (whose) Velcro is a fastener whose hooks copy the shape of a burr. (where) Harare is the city where the Eastgate Centre was built.
2. (when) 1955 was the year when de Mestral received his patent.
3. One advantage of electric cars is that they produce no exhaust fumes in city streets.
4. The main drawback is that charging takes far longer than filling a tank with petrol.
5. The benefits of cleaner air outweigh the inconvenience of charging, because air pollution affects everyone while charging time affects only drivers.

구조 5·6 연습 모범 답

1. (defining) The engineer who designed the bridge still works here. (non-defining) Dr. Park, who designed the bridge, still works here.
2. Fix: My professor, that wrote the paper, is retiring. → My professor, who wrote the paper, is retiring.
3. Fix: Dr. Kim who designed the bridge, spoke yesterday. → Dr. Kim, who designed the bridge, spoke yesterday.
4. Reduce: the design which was tested in 2019 → the design tested in 2019
5. Reduce: a material that resists heat → a material resisting heat

구조 7·8 연습 모범 답

1. The new phone's battery lasts twice as long as the old model's.
2. Coal power is nowhere near as clean as solar power.
3. "I think it's a lot better, and loads of people use things like that." → This suggests that it is considerably better, and a large number of people use similar products.
4. "This tech is pretty good but it's got some issues." → This technology is effective, but it has several limitations.
5. "A lot of stuff like this doesn't really work well." → A large number of similar devices do not function reliably.

Academic register 바꾸기 표

4. From the Reading (8점)

읽기 지문은 수업 PPT(Unit1Part1)의 "Copying the Blueprint" 6문단입니다. 사실 문제는 아래 표, 주장 문제는 문단 2·5·6에서 나옵니다. 정답은 모두 본문 확인 완료.

문단별 요약

Scan for the answer 정답

The argument, not the facts

1. How long has evolution been testing designs? Roughly 3.8 billion years.
2. Why is a designer starting from a beetle not starting from a blank page? Because the beetle's design builds on millions of failed prototypes that evolution has already tested and discarded.
3. Nature optimizes for what? Not for what? For survival and reproduction, not for human purposes.
4. Why is bone a bad model for a steel beam? Bone is strong for its weight because it is alive and repairs itself continuously. A steel beam cannot do that, so copying the shape without the process loses the advantage.
5. Writer's position in one sentence: Biomimicry is one useful method among several, and it works best only where the biological problem and the human problem are genuinely the same.

After you read (PPT 질문) 답

• 가장 중요한 문단: 5문단. 언제 biomimicry가 실패하는지 설명하는 핵심 난점이라서.
• Eastgate는 Big Question 1의 어느 쪽? Side B(first principles). 건물은 작동하지만 그 이유가 생물학에서 온 게 아니므로.
• 확인 없이 반복하면 안 되는 주장: 신칸센 전기 15% 절감 (지문도 "is reported to"라고 씀).

5. Critical Thinking (12점)

시험에서는 기술 하나와 빈 그리드가 주어집니다. 칸은 장점 / 누가 이득 / 단점 / 누가 손해 네 개이고, 다 채운 뒤 가장 중요한 장점·단점에 무게를 매깁니다. 점수가 나는 질문은 "누가 손해 보나(who pays)"입니다.

네 단계

1. 판단 전에 양쪽부터 나열. 연습은 각 4개, 시험은 각 2개.
2. 무게 매기기. 가장 중요한 장점 하나, 단점 하나 표시.
3. 누가 이득, 누가 손해인지 묻기. 보통 다른 사람들이다. 이 질문이 나열을 주장으로 바꾼다.
4. 마지막에 결론, 그리고 무엇이 내 생각을 바꿀지 말하기.

체크: 이득 보는 사람과 손해 보는 사람이 같다면 누군가를 빠뜨렸을 가능성이 큼.

모범 그리드: Self-driving cars

무게: 가장 중요한 장점은 human error 충돌 감소, 가장 중요한 단점은 사고 책임 부재. 생각을 바꿀 증거: 눈·빙판에서도 사람보다 사고율이 낮다는 독립 검증 데이터.

연습 그리드 모범 답

"What evidence would change your mind?" 예시: If studies showed that students who use machine translation still improve their own reading ability at the same rate, the main drawback would disappear.

시험용 문장 틀

• The main advantage is that ..., which mainly benefits ...
• The main drawback is that ..., and the cost falls on ...
• On balance, the advantage outweighs the drawback because ...
• This position would change if evidence showed that ...

6. 서론 쓰기 (20점)

프롬프트 두 개가 이미 공개됐습니다: 특허 제도와 자율주행차. 둘 중 하나를 골라 서론 한 문단(90~130단어)만 씁니다. 모범 서론 하나를 통째로 외우고, 나머지 하나는 thesis만 외워 두세요.

문단 모양 (깔때기)

교수 팁: thesis를 먼저 쓰고, 거꾸로 hook까지 쌓아 올린다.

모범 서론 ① 특허 (Hook: contrast, 109단어)

Is the patent system as it currently works a net benefit to innovation, or a net obstacle to it?

Nature has been improving its designs for 3.8 billion years without a single patent. Human patent law dates only from 1474. Patent law was created to give inventors a temporary monopoly in exchange for making their ideas public. For centuries, this exchange protected small inventors against richer competitors. Today, however, the cost of filing and defending a patent, along with the defensive portfolios of large firms, decides who the system really serves. Although patents still give individual inventors the only realistic protection against being copied by wealthier rivals, the system now works mainly as a legal weapon for large corporations and slows the innovation it was meant to encourage.

• 본론 주제: 출원·소송 비용 / 대기업의 방어용 특허
• Steel-man: 소규모 발명가에게 특허가 유일한 현실적 보호막
• 다른 hook (contrast): A lawyer can file a patent in a week. A small inventor may need a year.
• 다른 hook (overturned belief): Most people believe patents protect inventors. The record suggests otherwise.

모범 서론 ② 자율주행차 (Hook: scenario, 123단어)

Should self-driving vehicles be allowed on public roads before they can be proven safer than human drivers in every condition?

In March 2018, a self-driving test vehicle in Arizona struck and killed a pedestrian who was crossing a dark road. Supporters point to millions of test miles in which automated vehicles have caused fewer collisions than human drivers. Those tests, however, were run mostly in clear weather on well-mapped roads. Two questions remain unresolved: how these vehicles perform in snow, ice and on unmarked roads, and who is legally responsible when one causes a crash. Although automated vehicles already avoid many of the collisions that human error causes, they should not be allowed on public roads until they are proven safer in every condition, because their testing does not reflect real road conditions and no legal framework yet assigns responsibility for an accident.

• 본론 주제: 실제 도로 조건(눈·빙판·비표시 도로) / 사고 법적 책임
• Steel-man: 사람 실수로 나는 충돌을 이미 많이 줄인다
• 반대 입장 thesis (PPT 모범): Although self-driving cars cannot yet handle snow, ice and unmarked roads that human drivers manage daily, the collision data already justifies limited deployment.
• 다른 hook (question): What would a road look like if no human were driving on it?

Name the hook type 정답

Write the hook 모범 답

1. Scenario / self-driving: In 2018 a self-driving test car in Arizona struck a pedestrian who was crossing a dark road at night.
2. Contrast / patents: Evolution has been testing designs for roughly 3.8 billion years. The first patent law dates from 1474.
3. Overturned belief / repairability: Most people assume a broken phone is simply bad luck. In most cases, it is a design decision.
4. Question / technology and jobs: If machines can now write, drive and diagnose, which jobs will remain for the people who once did them?

Too wide, or narrowed?

Straw man or steel man?

Fix the weak thesis

1. This essay is about the patent system. → Although patents still protect lone inventors from better-funded rivals, the patent system now works mainly as a defensive tool for large corporations and slows innovation.
2. Self-driving cars are a big topic today. → Although automated vehicles already avoid many collisions caused by human error, they should not be allowed on public roads until they are proven safer in every condition.
3. Technology has advantages and disadvantages. → Although automation removes routine jobs in the short term, new technologies create more jobs than they destroy because they produce industries that did not exist before.
4. I will discuss the good and bad points of new inventions. → Although new inventions often solve real problems, each one should be judged by who pays for it as well as by who benefits.
5. Many people have different opinions about repairability. → Although repairable design raises production costs, companies should be legally required to make their products repairable because such laws reduce consumer costs and electronic waste.

감점 6개

1. "In this essay I will discuss..." (주장 대신 예고)
2. 모두 아는 단어의 사전 정의로 시작
3. 주제만 말하고 입장이 없는 thesis
4. Background에서 주장
5. thesis를 두 문장으로 나눔
6. 축약형, I think, a lot of

숙제에서 고칠 점

• 기술과 일자리 서론: 약 170단어로 130단어 초과. thesis 두 절 구조가 흐려짐.
• 자국 기술 vs 수입 서론: Background에서 이미 주장함(감점 4번). Clause 2도 "one must not overlook"로 입장이 흐림.
• 기초과학 서론: 구조가 가장 좋음. 이 틀을 시험에서 그대로.

AI-Enhanced English Debate & Public Speaking

EIT2060-01, Barry Welsh, 수·금 12:00~13:30, K245. 중간은 필기가 아니라 8주차 Live Team Debate(30%). 팀으로 실제 토론을 하고 말하기·반박·질문으로 평가받습니다.

성적 구성

중간 전 진도: 말하기 자신감·AI 규칙 → 의견·이유·예시 → 주장·이유·증거, 미니 토론 → 자료 조사·출처 신뢰도 → 반론·양보·반박 → 토론 구조·역할·질문 → 토론 연습·심사.

시험장 AI 규칙

• 평가받는 토론 중 AI 사용 금지 (교수가 허락한 경우 제외)
• AI가 쓴 스피치를 그대로 읽으면 안 됨
• AI는 출처가 아님. "According to ChatGPT" 인용 불가
• AI가 준 통계·전문가 인용은 원문을 직접 확인한 것만

핵심 용어

Class 1: 의견과 이유

좋은 resolution: 반대 의견이 충분히 가능한 의견. 나쁜 것: 사실(Earth is the third planet), 이상한 주장(Whales eat people), 한쪽만 말이 되는 것.

강한 이유: 논리적 + 구체적 + 대다수가 납득. "because it is bad" (약함) vs "because secondhand smoke causes health problems for smokers and those around them" (강함).

Class 2: 근거 4종류

인용 형식: ✗ "Experts say that..." → ✓ "According to a 2020 report by the World Health Organization, ..."

Class 3: 1AC 스피치 구조

Introduction(인사 + resolution + 입장 + 이유 미리보기) → Point 1~3(Signpost + Reason + Supports) → Conclusion(요약 + 입장 재확인 + 마무리).

Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. Today we are debating the resolution, "_." We on the affirmative team strongly support this resolution. We have three reasons: , _, and .

Our first point is _. [Reason] [Support: According to _, ____.]

Moving on to our second point, _. ... Lastly, our third point is _. ...

In conclusion, we have talked about _, , and _. We have shown that . For these reasons, we strongly urge you to support the resolution. Thank you.

반대 팀은 "We on the negative team strongly oppose this resolution."

축구 vs 야구 빈칸 정답: 이유 2·3·4·5 (Cost, Excitement, Simplicity, Colour). Cost → 야구 표가 약 3배 비쌈. Excitement → 야구는 90%가 서 있음. Simplicity → 축구는 규칙이 쉽고 공과 운동장만. Colour → 야구 유니폼은 지루함. 결론 → soccer is a better sport than baseball.

연결어: Moving on to our second point / Furthermore / In addition / Lastly. 설득 기법: 수사 의문문, 감정적 표현, 반복.

Class 4: 반박

고양이 vs 개 매칭: 1-C (Not true), 2-F (Not necessarily true), 3-A (Not significant), 4-B (Not always true), 5-D (Easy to solve), 6-E (Not relevant).

반박 5단계:

1. Signpost: Their first point was ____.
2. Rephrase: They said that ____.
3. Negation: That is not true! / That is not important!
4. Why: It is not always true that... / The whole point about ____ is not relevant.
5. Rationale: Just because X is true does not necessarily mean that Y is also true.

Class 5: 근거 공격 + Q&A

예: Their first point was money. They said that cats are cheaper because Dr. Silvercat said so. This is not necessarily true. They didn't explain why Dr. Silvercat is an expert in this area.

AI 활동지 정답

AI Rules: Allowed 1·3·6·7·8·9 / Be careful 5·11 / Not allowed 2·4·10·12. 한 문장 규칙: AI should help me think, practice, and improve, not do the thinking or speaking for me.

Evidence or Hallucination: 1 Suspicious / 2 Too vague / 3 Suspicious / 4 Verify / 5 Suspicious / 6 Too vague / 7 Verify / 8 Suspicious. 위험 신호: 출처 없는 정확한 숫자, 정체 없는 권위, every·always 같은 절대어, 맥락 없음.

Evidence Type Detective: 1 E, 2 EX, 3 S, 4 EO, 5 E, 6 EX, 7 S, 8 EO.

수업 명제 4개 찬반 논거

토론 당일 체크

• 이유마다 Signpost
• 근거 하나 이상은 통계·전문가 의견, 출처·날짜까지
• 반박은 5단계
• Q&A에서 출처·날짜·전문성·편향 질문
• Manner: 시선, 속도, 원고 말고 메모
• Method: 팀원과 이유가 겹치지 않게

새로 받은 자료 2개 (10/7)

• Getting to Know You 설문지: 시험 자료가 아니라 1주차 자기소개 설문. 자신감(1~5), 경험, 어려운 점, AI 사용 방식 등 12문항. 2주차 말까지 barrywelsh23@gmail.com으로 이메일 제출하는 과제였음. 냈는지 확인!
• CEFR 자기평가표 (A1~C2): 듣기·읽기·대화·발표·쓰기 수준표. 설문이랑 같이 자기 수준 체크용. 토론 점수와는 무관.
• 토론 당일에 쓸 만한 것: B2 "Spoken Production" 기준 = explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. 1AC가 딱 이 수준이면 충분.

Fundamentals of English Listening & Speaking

중간은 5분 설득 발표로 대체되고, PPT와 대본은 완성. 주제는 동물자유연대(KAWA) 후원 호소 "Keep the Door Open", 슬라이드 9장. 슬라이드 하단 출처 문구도 정리 완료. 10/9(금)까지 녹화해서 제출하면 끝 (현장 발표 아님).

PPT 열기 (Google Slides)

슬라이드 흐름과 시간

대본 전문

1. Opening [0:00]
Hi everyone. Before I start, I'd like you to do one small thing. Look at your phone or your watch, and remember the time. I'll come back to it at the end.

2. The Number [0:10]
By the time I finish this five-minute presentation, one more dog or cat in Korea will have been abandoned. That's not an exaggeration. In 2025, 95,685 animals were lost or abandoned in Korea. That's about one every five and a half minutes. About seventy percent of them were dogs, and almost thirty percent were cats.

3. What Happens to Them [0:35]
So what happens to them after they're found? This is the part that shocked me. Only about one in four was adopted. About one in nine went back to its owner. But forty-three percent died in the shelter. A quarter died naturally, often from disease or stress, and about one in six was put to sleep. Think about that. Nearly half of the animals that were 'rescued' never left the shelter alive.

4. Another Clock: The Dog Meat Ban [1:05]
And right now, there's another clock ticking. On February 7th next year, Korea's dog meat ban fully takes effect. That's great news. But look at this chart. In 2024, there were almost 468,000 dogs on dog meat farms. By May this year, only about 20,000 were left. So where did the other 443,000 go? The government admitted that many were simply sent to slaughter before the deadline. And for the dogs that are left, public shelters across the entire country only have room for about 19,600 dogs at one time.

5. Meet KAWA
This is why I want you to meet 동물자유연대 (Dong-mul Ja-yu Yeon-dae), the Korean Animal Welfare Association, or KAWA. KAWA was founded in 2000, and it's now one of the largest animal protection groups in Korea. It runs two shelters called On-Center. On-Dog, in Namyangju, opened in 2013 as Korea's first shelter built around animal welfare, not just keeping animals in cages. And On-Cat, in Paju, opened in 2022, and it's designed only for cats, because cats aren't just small dogs. Both centers are open twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty-five days a year.

6. Why KAWA Is Special [2:15]
But what makes KAWA really special is that they don't just rescue animals one by one. They change the rules. They helped make adoption, not buying, the normal way to get a pet in Korea. They campaigned for years for the Dog Meat Ban Act, which finally passed in 2024. They rescued bears from cages and pushed for a ban on bear farming. And they even got big food companies to switch to cage-free eggs. So when you support KAWA, you help the animals of today and the animals of tomorrow.

7. Kongsimi's Story
Now let me tell you about a puppy named Kongsimi. One day in June this year, the staff at On-Center found a tiny puppy inside the shelter. Nobody had brought her in. She had crawled through a narrow gap under the door, all by herself. The staff called it a self-rescue. She was covered in ticks, so they treated her, and today she's about nine months old and healthy. She's a little shy with new people, but on walks, she's full of energy. And she's still waiting for a family. She found the door. Now she needs someone on the other side of it.

8. How You Can Help [3:35]
So, how can you help? You don't have to do everything. Just pick one thing. First, adopt, don't shop. If you're thinking about getting a pet, visit On-Center before you go to a pet shop. Second, donate. A monthly donation starts at just fifteen thousand won. That's about the price of two cups of coffee. Third, volunteer. You can walk dogs, help clean, or help shy cats learn to trust people again. And fourth, share. Follow KAWA on Instagram at kawa dot h-q, and share just one adoption post. One share could be the reason a dog like Kongsimi finds a home.

9. Closing [4:25]
Remember the time you checked at the beginning? About five minutes have passed. Somewhere in Korea, another dog or cat has just been left behind. We can't save every animal. But together, we can keep the door open. Please support KAWA. Thank you for listening.

녹화·제출 체크

• 슬라이드 화면 공유 + 얼굴 나오게 녹화 (줌/구글미트 녹화 또는 PPT 녹화 기능)
• 5분 넘기지 않기
• 파일 이름: 이름_학번_KAWA 같은 식으로
• 10/9(금)까지 제출, 제출 방법(이메일/LMS)은 확인

연습 체크

• 타이머 켜고 통으로 3번. 4분 40초~5분이면 OK
• 숫자 읽기: ninety-five thousand, six hundred eighty-five / four hundred sixty-eight thousand / nineteen thousand six hundred
• 슬라이드 1과 9는 청중을 보고 말하기 (이 발표의 핵심 장치)
• 슬라이드마다 첫 문장만 외우면 나머지는 따라 나옴

미국소수민족문학과문화 중간 대비

시험은 서술형(주관식). 에세이 형식까지는 아니어도 논리가 있어야 하고, 범위는 Flight 1~21장(7주차 포함). 강의 PPT는 없고, 교수님이 수업에서 같이 다룬 토론 질문 4회분(9/10, 9/17, 9/24, 10/1)이 가장 확실한 출제 후보라서 다음 메뉴에 58개 모범 답안을 넣었습니다.

서술형 답안 공식

1. 주장 한 문장: 질문에 대한 답을 바로 (Yes, because... / It means...)
2. 작품 근거: 장면, 인물, 대사 하나
3. 역사 근거 (있으면): 법·연도 하나 (Dawes Act 1887, ICWA 1978)
4. 그래서: 작품 주제와 어떻게 이어지는지 한 문장

어떤 질문에도 쓸 수 있는 주제 문장:

• Violence repeats itself because each side calls its revenge justice.
• Heroes and traitors are often the same action described by different sides.
• Zits's problems are the result of policy, not personal weakness.
• Alexie refuses to divide people into simply good or simply bad.
• Identity is found through understanding others, not by choosing a side.

Flight 에피소드 지도 (1~21장)

16~21장 결말은 줄거리 요약이라 책으로 한 번 확인할 것.

결말부 예상 서술 질문

Why does Zits become his own father?
So that he can understand the person he hates most. He learns that his father was also abandoned and ran away from shame, not from hatred. Understanding does not excuse the father, but it ends Zits's need for revenge.

Why does Zits decide not to shoot in the bank?
Because every life he lived showed him that revenge creates new victims. He has seen killing from the side of the killer and the killed. Refusing to shoot is the first act in the novel that breaks the cycle of violence.

What does "Please call me Michael" mean?
The first line, "Call me Zits," is an order from a boy who expects rejection. The last line adds "please" and gives his real name, which shows that he now trusts someone enough to make a request. One word measures the distance between violence and belonging.

Is the ending a happy ending?
Partly. Zits finally has a family, but it is a white family, which echoes the Indian Adoption Project. Alexie leaves the reader to decide whether this is healing or another form of loss.

꼭 외울 연도·법

강의 핵심 개념 (9/8 강의)

• Matrilineal society: 접촉 전 다수 부족이 모계 사회. Haudenosaunee의 Clan Mothers가 추장을 임명·해임. 여성 계통 공동 소유 땅은 사고팔 수 없어서, 땅을 열려고 가족 구조부터 바꿈 → Dawes Act
• Boarding schools: 언어 금지, 서양식 복장, 남학생 농사·목공 / 여학생 가사. "kill the Indian, save the man" (Richard Pratt)
• Reservation vs Pueblo: pueblo는 조상의 땅에 계속 산 곳(Taos, Acoma Sky City), reservation은 대부분 강제 이주지
• Powwow: 부족 간 축제. 부족별 의식이 금지되던 시기에 만들어진 공통 문화
• Sweat lodge: 휴식이 아니라 정화·재탄생 의식 (Lakota inipi = to live again)
• 보호구역 빈곤: 쓸모없는 땅, 신탁 토지 담보 불가, 상속으로 땅이 쪼개짐. 카지노로 부자가 된 부족은 일부
• Alexie: 1966년생 Spokane–Coeur d'Alene. 보호구역 밖 백인 학교(Reardan High), Gonzaga → WSU. 시, 소설, 영화 Smoke Signals
• "Call me Zits": Moby-Dick 첫 문장 패러디. 배 이름 Pequod는 학살된 Pequot 부족에서 옴, 살아남는 건 Ishmael 하나. Gatsby(James Gatz → Jay Gatsby)의 자기 명명과 대칭
• 574개 부족, 인구의 약 1%, 현재 대부분 도시 거주

수업 토론질문 58개 모범 답안

교수님이 수업 시간에 같이 다룬 질문들(9/10, 9/17, 9/24, 10/1). 모든 답은 같은 틀: 주장 한 문장 → 작품 속 근거 → 그래서 무엇을 뜻하는지.

9/10 · Chapter 1 (Zits, 정체성, 위탁 제도)

1. What do you think the meaning of 'flight' is?
Flight means escape, and almost every character in the novel is running from something: Zits from foster homes, his father from his family, Jimmy from his marriage. It also points to literal flight, since Jimmy teaches the pilot who crashes into a building. The title asks whether escape is ever a solution, and the ending answers that Zits stops fleeing only when someone gives him a place to stay.

2. What do you want to be called, like Zits?
A chosen name reveals how a person sees himself. Zits names himself after the ugliest thing on his face, which shows that he has accepted the world's contempt as his identity. If I chose a name, I would choose one that describes who I want to become, which is exactly the move Zits makes when he asks to be called Michael.

3. If you were a foster parent, what kind would you be?
I would try to be a patient parent who expects rejection and does not take it personally. Zits has lived in about twenty homes, so he tests every adult until they give up. A good foster parent would stay after the test fails, which is what Robert and Mary finally do.

4. Why does Zits reject people who might actually want to help him?
Rejection is a defense. A child who has been abandoned again and again learns that leaving first hurts less than being left. When his foster father says "good morning," Zits answers with an insult, because accepting kindness would mean risking another loss.

5. What does it really mean to belong somewhere?
To belong is to be accepted without having to earn it. Zits belongs to no tribe, no family and no race, since he is half Spokane and half Irish and raised by strangers. The novel suggests that belonging is not a matter of blood but of people who choose to keep you.

6. Could Zits' situation be seen as another form of cultural displacement?
Yes. He grows up in a city, far from any reservation, with no language, songs or relatives to connect him to his Native heritage. The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 moved many Native families into cities in the same way, so Zits is an individual example of a historical displacement.

7. Can modern foster care continue the patterns of the boarding-school era?
In effect, yes, even though the purpose has changed. Boarding schools removed children to assimilate them, and later the Indian Adoption Project placed Native children in white homes. Zits passes through twenty white foster homes, so the outcome is the same: a Native child raised without any Native adult, which is why the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 was needed.

8. Could the name "Zits" be more than insecurity about his appearance?
Yes. A zit is something that grows on the body and is unwanted, which is how Zits feels about his place in society. The name is also a self-attack: by calling himself something ugly before anyone else can, he takes control of the insult.

9. Why do we imagine Native Americans as people from the past?
Because textbooks, films and museums show them in feathers and tepees, but rarely in cities or offices. Acoma and Taos Pueblo have been inhabited for about a thousand years and still are, which proves that Native communities are living, not historical. The image of the "vanishing Indian" was convenient, since a people who belong to the past have no claim to land in the present.

10. Without colonization, how might Acoma and Taos Pueblo have developed?
They would probably have grown into larger towns that kept their own languages, religion and government without outside control. Trade and technology would still have changed them, but by their own choice. The question shows that what we call "tradition" was partly frozen by colonization rather than freely preserved.

11. Is Native American history part of American history or separate?
It is both. It is part of American history because the United States was built on Native land through treaties and wars. It is also separate, because Native nations had their own histories for thousands of years before 1776 and still exist as sovereign governments today.

12. Why do foster families like Edgar inflict deep emotional wounds?
Some foster parents take in children for money or for their own image, not out of love, so their care disappears when the child becomes difficult. Edgar destroys the gift he had given Zits, which teaches Zits that kindness is temporary and conditional. Each wound confirms Zits's belief that adults cannot be trusted.

13. If Zits identified as white, would his life be easier?
Only on the surface. His skin and face mark him as Indian, so society would not accept the claim. More importantly, denying half of himself would not solve the real problem, which is that no one has given him a stable home in either world.

14. Can people in Zits' shoes live in-between?
Yes, but only if someone accepts them in that position. For most of the novel, Zits feels he is neither enough of an Indian nor enough of a white person. At the end, he is welcomed by a family without having to give up being Indian, which suggests that the in-between can become a place rather than a gap.

15. Why do many reservations still face poverty today?
Because of policy, not culture. Reservations were placed on land no one else wanted, far from jobs and markets. Trust land cannot be mortgaged, so families cannot borrow to start businesses, and the Dawes Act split land among so many heirs that much of it cannot be used.

16. Does Zits's humor help him survive or prevent him from confronting his pain?
It does both. His jokes keep him from collapsing and make his story bearable for the reader. Yet they also hold people away, so humor protects him and isolates him at the same time, and he becomes honest only when he stops joking in the final pages.

9/17 · Chapters 2–6 (은행, Hank Storm, Art, Elk·Horse)

1. Whose life would you experience for one day, and why?
I would choose someone on the opposite side of a conflict I care about, because the novel shows that understanding begins inside another person's body. Zits learns more in Hank's or Gus's life than in any lecture. Experience forces empathy in a way that information cannot.

2. Can people be good and bad at the same time?
Yes, and the novel insists on it. Hank is a loving father at home and takes part in violence at work, and Art is a caring uncle and a killer. Alexie refuses to divide people into heroes and villains, which makes the moral question harder and more honest.

3. Why does Justice give Zits both a real gun and a paintball gun?
The paint gun turns the shooting into a performance. Justice wants a spectacle that looks like a historical act of resistance rather than a simple robbery. He is using Zits as an actor in his own fantasy, which shows that Justice cares about the image of revenge, not about Zits.

4. How does becoming a white FBI agent change Zits's view of power and violence?
He sees that violence is not only something done to Indians but also something done by organized institutions. As Hank, he is on the side with the authority, yet he still feels the guilt. He learns that power does not make violence clean.

5. Do Indians have their own government?
Yes. Federally recognized tribes have tribal councils and courts, many created under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. In the novel, however, the tribal police work with the FBI, which shows that these governments can also be used against their own people.

6. How did the discovery of gold affect Little Bighorn, Native Americans and the government?
Gold was found in the Black Hills in 1874, land that the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty had guaranteed to the Lakota. Miners rushed in, the government tried to buy or seize the land, and the conflict led to the battle in 1876. Gold turned a treaty into a broken promise.

7. Did white people not feel guilty while demonizing Indians?
Most did not, because the demonizing itself removed the guilt. If Indians were "savages," then taking their land was civilization rather than theft. Language did the moral work in advance, which is why the novel pays close attention to words such as "killers" and "troops."

8. Why is the character "Justice" named Justice?
The name is ironic. Justice talks about righting historical wrongs, but he manipulates a lonely boy into a massacre. Alexie suggests that revenge often disguises itself as justice.

9. Why did Elk and Horse behave in contradictory ways?
They fight for Indian rights yet torture and kill a fellow Indian. Their cause is real, but their method copies the violence of the people they oppose. The contradiction shows how oppression can reproduce itself inside the oppressed group.

10. How does Art, a killer and a loving uncle, reveal society's duplicity?
Art is gentle with his family and cold in his work, and both are true. Society also presents a respectable face while doing violence through its institutions. Alexie uses one man to show a whole system that lives with two faces.

11. If Zits could choose one identity, would it define him?
Partly, but identity is not a single choice. Each body teaches him something, so by the end his identity is built from all of them. The name Michael is not a new mask but a decision to stop hiding behind "Zits."

12. Why did Elk and Horse betray Junior and side with the FBI?
They act out of fear and self-interest under pressure, and violence makes trust impossible inside the movement. The betrayal shows how surveillance and intimidation can divide a community from within.

13. Will Zits be satisfied with Hank's life because he finally feels family love?
Not completely. He enjoys the warmth of a family for the first time, but he knows the love belongs to Hank, not to him. The experience gives him a model of family that he later accepts in his own life.

14. Why does Alexie connect the Ghost Dance with Zits traveling to the past?
The Ghost Dance promised to bring back the world before colonization. Zits literally returns to the past, but he finds violence on every side rather than a lost paradise. Alexie shows that the past cannot be restored and can only be understood.

9/24 · Chapters 7–9 (리틀빅혼 전투, 원주민 소년)

1. Why were Native Americans forced to use English?
Language carries culture, religion and memory, so removing a language removes a people's identity. Boarding schools punished children for speaking their own languages in order to assimilate them. Forced English was a tool of control, not just education.

2. Can clothing define civilization?
No. Clothing reflects climate, resources and custom, not intelligence or morality. Settlers used clothing as a sign of "civilization" because it was an easy way to rank people, and the novel exposes this as a prejudice.

3. Why does Alexie describe the Native camp as unpleasant and realistic?
He refuses the romantic stereotype of the noble, peaceful Indian. Showing smell, dirt and violence makes the people human rather than symbols. The sentimental image is also a way of not seeing real people.

4. How does boarding-school history explain Zits's identity struggle?
The schools cut generations off from language, ceremony and family. Zits's father grew up in that broken chain, so he had nothing to pass on. Zits's confusion is the result of a history that emptied out what he should have inherited.

5. Why does Alexie show Native women in the battle?
It recalls that many Native societies were matrilineal and that women held real authority. It also prevents the battle from being read as a story of male heroes only. Women were participants and victims, not background.

6. Were many Native Americans sacrificed to the logic of politics and power?
Yes. Treaties were signed and broken according to what the government needed, especially land and gold. Individual lives counted less than national expansion, which is the logic Manifest Destiny was created to justify.

7. What did the Little Bighorn victory bring Native people in the end?
Only a short victory. The army responded with greater force, the Lakota lost the Black Hills, and within a few years most were confined to reservations. The victory gave the government a reason for harsher punishment.

8. How do you feel about "Tools of the Trade"?
The artwork, a slot machine showing wagons, treaties, alcohol and dead buffalo, argues that the exchange between settlers and Native people was rigged from the start. It made me see trade not as fair exchange but as a gamble in which only one side could win.

9. What do you think of the image of "Indians as lovers of nature"?
It looks positive but is still a stereotype. It reduces Native people to spiritual symbols and ignores their politics, economies and modern lives. Like any stereotype, it lets the viewer avoid seeing real people.

10. Can revenge be justice?
No. Revenge answers an injury with a new injury and creates another victim. The novel shows the same cycle at Little Bighorn, in the bank and on 9/11, and Zits breaks it only when he refuses to kill.

11. Why did the author send Zits to the Battle of the Little Bighorn?
Because it is the most famous Native victory, the moment Zits might expect to feel proud. Instead he sees Native fighters killing a wounded white boy, which shows him that violence corrupts both sides. The scene prepares his final decision not to shoot.

12. After seeing this history, will Zits's actions change?
Yes. Having lived inside both killers and victims, he can no longer see the bank shooting as justice. He returns to the moment before the shooting and chooses not to fire.

13. What modern standards do we use to judge "civilized" people?
Today we judge others by accent, English ability, technology skills, brands and even social media images. These standards work like clothing and smell did in the past: they measure access and money, not character.

14. What everyday object would you use to criticize our competitive society?
I would use a phone alarm clock, because it controls when we wake, work and rest. It would represent a society that measures people only by productivity and never lets them stop.

10/1 · Chapters 10–12 (Gus, Small Saint, General Mustache)

1. What is the difference between heroes and traitors?
Often only the side that keeps the record. Small Saint saves an Indian boy and is called a traitor by the army, while Gus finds villages for the army and is called a hero. The same action receives opposite names depending on who judges it.

2. Would you save someone from the enemy if you were a soldier?
I would, if the person were a child or unarmed, because that is the reason soldiers say they exist. Small Saint shows that following your conscience can mean breaking orders.

3. Can killing ever be justified in war?
Only in direct self-defense or to protect others from immediate harm. The novel focuses on killings that were called "war" but were actually massacres of women and children, and it refuses to excuse them.

4. Were the white families "settlers" or "invaders"?
They were both. They were ordinary families seeking land, and they were also the means by which Native land was taken. Alexie's point is that dispossession is carried out by ordinary people, not only by generals.

5. Is killing for revenge different from killing to protect someone?
Yes. Protection aims to stop harm, while revenge aims to cause harm in return. Yet the novel shows that people often describe revenge as protection to justify it.

6. Why does Alexie end each episode with "I close my eyes"?
It marks the moment Zits leaves one body and enters another, like a transition in a dream. It also shows that he cannot bear to watch the violence any longer. Each time he closes his eyes, he carries a new lesson into the next life.

7. Who are the real heroes and villains in history, and who decides?
The winners usually decide, because they write the textbooks and build the monuments. Custer was celebrated for decades while Native leaders were called savages. The novel asks readers to judge by actions rather than by sides.

8. What made Small Saint uphold his beliefs?
He joined the army to defend people, and he applies that principle to an Indian child as well. He keeps his own reason even when it no longer matches the army's. His conscience is stronger than his loyalty to orders.

9. What does Zits mean by "we're not all the same kind of Indians, are we?"
He realizes that "Indian" is not one group. Tribes had different histories and alliances, and some Native scouts worked for the army. The line breaks the idea of a single Indian identity, including his own.

10. Why does Small Saint say he joined the military "to defend people"?
It reveals the gap between the ideal of war and its reality. Soldiers are told they protect people, but the campaign is killing civilians. Small Saint takes the ideal seriously, and that is why he is called a traitor.

11. What do Justice and General Mustache have in common?
Both use others to carry out killings while claiming a higher cause. Justice calls revenge justice, and the general calls massacre duty. Both turn violence into an idea so that they do not have to see the victims.

12. Would you shoot General Mustache?
No. Killing him might feel just, but it would repeat the same logic of revenge. Zits closes his eyes instead, and the novel suggests that refusing to justify one killing is the only way to break the cycle.

13. Were white women and children killed in Indian revenge "pure victims" or part of the system?
They were real victims, and their deaths were wrong. At the same time, they lived on land taken through broken treaties, so they were part of a larger system of invasion. Both statements are true, and the novel does not let either cancel the other.

14. Is Zits losing his identity or discovering it?
He is discovering it. Each body removes a false belief, such as the idea that one side is always good. At the end, he chooses a name and a family, which shows that identity is found through understanding others.

Flight 과제 답안 (Ch.1-5 / 10-12 / 13-15)

서원이가 제출한 과제 3개 원문. 서술형에서 근거 문장으로 그대로 가져다 쓰기 좋은 것들.

Ch.1-5 (23문항)

1. Who is Sherman Alexie?
Spokane–Coeur d'Alene, b. 1966. Stand-up first, then poetry, fiction, Smoke Signals. Young, prolific, polemical.

2. Who are the Native Americans — tribes, traditions, realities?
574 tribes, about one percent of the population, mostly matrilineal before contact, mostly urban now.

3. Chapter 1 — the foster system.
Twenty white foster homes. Not luck. The Indian Adoption Project did this on purpose until ICWA in 1978.

4. Why mention the white boy's skin and teeth? Do they tell social class?
Skin and teeth cost money. Orthodontics, dermatology, fluoride. They read access to care, not character. Hands and posture do it too.

5. The white boy apologizing on behalf of all white people.
The apology costs him nothing and settles nothing. Sincere and useless at once.

6. Chapter 3 quotes the Declaration of Independence. Raise a question.
Life, liberty, happiness — written while the same government removed Indian nations. Indians were outside the category of "men."

7. "The only good Indians are the dead Indians."
Sheridan's line originally; Roosevelt's version was nine in ten. Said in public, no consequence. Ordinary opinion, not extremism.

8. The rich white boy hates his country. Why are the Indians poor?
He can afford to hate the system. Indians are poor because reservations sit on worthless land, trust land can't be mortgaged, and Dawes split parcels among hundreds of heirs. Not a failure to grasp capitalism.

9. Stereotypes of Indians, and Zits sent to the psychoanalyst.
Angry, violent, drunk, doomed — all authored by whites. The analyst treats the anger as the disease.

10. Why two pistols, one a paint gun?
The fake one makes it theatre. He wants a spectacle, not a robbery. Casting, not arming.

11. "Indians loved to kill other Indians."
Tribes fought. So did Europe. The claim is used to turn conquest into "settlement." It doesn't.

12. The Ghost Dance — why made, how did it end in 1890?
Wovoka, Paiute, 1889. Dance and the dead return, the buffalo return, the whites go. It spread because nothing else was left. Ended at Wounded Knee, December 1890, about 250 Lakota dead.

13. "I spin in circles and shoot…" Why a bank?
He is doing the Ghost Dance in the bank. Spinning, shooting, waiting for the world to come back. A bank because that is where the money and the deeds are. Shot in the back of the head, which is how the Ghost Dance ended the first time.

14. Why Face/Off?
He wakes as Hank Storm and explains it through the 1997 film because that is the only vocabulary he has. Not sci-fi — the novel never explains the mechanism.

15. Why 1975, Red River, Idaho?
1975 is Pine Ridge, the FBI campaign against AIM, Peltier. Idaho is a relocation; the year is exact.

16. Why so many stars on the reservation?
No factories, no city, no streetlight. The same remoteness that causes the unemployment causes the sky.

17. Why are the roads unpaved?
No tax base. BIA roads have been underfunded for decades.

18. What is a tepee?
Poles and buffalo hide, painted outside. Struck in minutes and moved. Brick is for people who stay, which is what the reservation was built to force.

19. Custer and Sitting Bull. Why did Custer lose?
Little Bighorn, 1876. Custer split his command and attacked a far larger camp. Sitting Bull had the vision before it. The American hero lost; the Indian hero won and was shot by tribal police in 1890.

20. The activists — IRON?
Indigenous Rights Now. Horse and Elk torture Junior as an informer and are remembered as heroes. Both are true. Patriotism doesn't clean the method.

21. What is an Indian tribal government?
The council running a reservation, mostly built under the 1934 Reorganization Act. Traditionalists called them puppets because Washington designed the structure. The hammer is Indian too.

22. Is uncle Art a killer?
Yes. He says the FBI is at war with the Indians and means it literally.

23. Is Hank father and husband material?
By every domestic measure, yes. That is the disturbance — kind at home, at war by morning, and neither cancels the other.

Ch.10-12 (25문항)

1. The slot machine. Was trade honest?
Beads, blankets, kettles, guns, and above all alcohol. Credit extended and then called in as land. Treaties signed by men with no authority to sign, translated by interpreters paid by the buyer. The wheels read wagons, treaties, alcohol, dead buffalo, and the button is manifest destiny: the exchange was rigged before anyone pulled the lever.

2. Moral economy vs. profit-driven economy.
Native exchange ran on obligation — gifts, reciprocity, standing. European exchange ran on accumulation. Both sides thought they were trading. Only one side thought the goal was to end up ahead.

3. The tepee and the smell.
Alexie insists on the smell because the romantic version is also a way of not seeing people. Sentimental and contemptuous are closer than they look.

4. Language.
Hundreds of distinct languages before contact. Boarding schools punished them out of a generation, on both sides of the Canadian border.

5. Dress.
"Half naked" is a European category, not a Native one.

6. Little Bighorn. Custer hero or fool?
1876. He split his command three ways, ignored his scouts' estimate of the camp, and did not wait for the columns marching to meet him. Cheyenne women pierced his eardrums afterward so he would hear better in the next life. To white America a martyr; to Alexie a vain man in a hurry. Not the last war: Wounded Knee came in 1890.

7. What did the father ask the boy to do?
To cut the wounded white boy's throat. He does not. The first time in the novel anyone declines an inherited revenge, and Zits is inside the body when it happens.

8. Gus and aging.
Thin, wrinkled, gray everywhere. Alexie makes the body ordinary and unheroic before he tells us what the man did.

9. Gus, the best tracker. A hero?
In the army, yes — he found what no one else could find. What he found were villages. Same act, two verdicts.

10. What is a hero?
Chapters 10 to 12 refuse to answer. Every figure who qualifies as a hero to one side qualifies as a murderer to the other.

11. Can 18–19-year-old soldiers become killers?
The novel says they already are. Not monsters — which is the disturbing part. You do not need a monster to produce a massacre, only a boy who was told who the enemy was.

12. The murdered blonde girl. Who can be blamed?
The story is true and it is also an alibi. Her family was living on land taken by treaty violation. Blame does not divide cleanly, but it does not divide equally either.

13. Why did Indians kill white settlers?
Because the settlers were inside their territory, uninvited, and increasing.

14. Was Gus avenging murdered whites?
That is what he was told. What he did was lead an army to the places where people lived.

15. Peaceful Christian settlers, or invaders?
Both accurate, neither complete. Ordinary families and the instrument of dispossession.

16. "Killers" vs. "troops."
Bows against repeating rifles, and only one side gets a noun that implies legitimacy. The vocabulary settles the question before the argument starts.

17. The rifle and the woman's skull. Justifiable?
No. And it is not a lapse. Killing women and children is how you end a people rather than win a battle.

18. Manifest destiny and Christianity.
O'Sullivan, 1845. When a mission from God and a land grab describe the same act, the religion is the alibi rather than the motive.

19. A white soldier saves an Indian boy. Treachery?
Small Saint joined to defend people and is defending one. "Treason" means he applied the principle to the wrong person.

20. "He's gone Indian."
He has stopped seeing them as the enemy. In the mustache's mouth it is a diagnosis, and the cure is a bullet.

21. General Mustache: hero or killer?
Killer. The rank is what makes it legal, not what makes it different.

22. Hero vs. traitor?
Which side is keeping the record.

23. Small Saint from both views.
To his men a betrayer; to the boy the only person who behaved like a human being. He kept his own reason and it stopped matching the army's.

24. Is there a difference between that killing and this killing?
Killing the general would be the just one — and it would still be the same act.

25. Would you shoot General Mustache?
Zits closes his eyes. The moment you can justify one killing you have rebuilt the logic you were trying to break.

Ch.13-15 (17문항 + 내가 던질 질문 5)

1. Were the white families peaceful settlers?
Peaceful in conduct, dispossessing in effect. Both at once.

2. "Gone Indian" vs. "gone white."
Whites who joined Indian life chose it and were said to have degenerated. Indians who joined white life were coerced and praised for improving. Only one was ever voluntary.

3. Pocahontas — betrayer or hero?
Taken hostage in 1613, baptized Rebecca, married John Rolfe, shown in London in 1616, died at about twenty-one. Almost nothing was her decision. Hard to call her a betrayer when she was never given a position from which to betray.

4. Sacagawea.
Lemhi Shoshone, captured as a girl, carried an infant across the continent while interpreting for Lewis and Clark. To the US and to Native people: the woman who made the map possible. The same sentence, read twice.

5. Charles Eastman.
Ohiyesa, Santee Dakota, a physician who treated Wounded Knee survivors — and who assigned English surnames for the allotment rolls under Dawes. He saved lives and filed the paperwork of erasure.

6. Why Sacagawea on a dollar coin?
Because she helped. Indians are honored in America in proportion to their usefulness to America.

7. 9/11 and American capitalism.
Alexie puts it in a novel about Indians because the targets were not military: offices, full of people on their way to work.

8. The airplane as heaven.
Jimmy is happy only when he has left the ground and no longer has to be anyone's husband.

9. "Mind your own business."
Privacy, worth, dignity — all said in the vocabulary of commerce.

10. Why is Jimmy's marriage fragile?
He has been trained to read a person the way he reads a product: the new thing is the better thing.

11. American capitalism.
Novelty over duration, replacement over repair, worth measured by what something can still do for you.

12. Chapter 14 — who betrayed whom?
Hundreds of treaties, nearly all broken. Betrayal is not an episode in American history. It is the continuous part.

13. Jimmy and Helda.
He wanted the new thing and he wanted to keep the old one. Both are true, which is what makes it ugly.

14. Jimmy and Zits's father.
Men who leave. The white flight instructor and the Indian drunk abandon their families by the same logic.

15. Is Jimmy's sadness justified?
He taught a man to fly into a building — a real injury. It is also an alibi, since the marriage was failing before Abbad.

16. Why did Abbad crash the plane?
It was murder. But placed after Little Bighorn and a bank robbery, it shows that every killer in this book believes he is answering an injury, and every one is wrong about what that permits.

17. If you were the protagonist?
Zits does not forgive anyone. He only stops adding to it — the smallest possible good act and the only one the novel endorses.

Five questions I would raise

1. Pocahontas, Sacagawea and Eastman are remembered because they helped white America. Is any Native figure commemorated who did not?
2. Zits ends inside a white family. Reconciliation, or the Indian Adoption Project with a happier tone?
3. Why does Abbad get less of the novel than Jimmy?
4. Every body Zits occupies is a man's. What is lost in matrilineal history told through sons and fathers?
5. If betrayal is continuous, what would an unbroken treaty look like?

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